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2006 Dr John Money, professor of pediatrics and medical psychology at Johns Hopkins University from 1951 until his death in July 2006 founded one of the first centers in America for sex reassignment surgery, which was later closed. He is known for the controversial case of David Reimer. Money reported Reimer was successfully reassigned as a female in infancy after a botched circumcision, then failed to report that the reassignment was actually not successful. links—— John Money - Wikipedia 2004 Geneticists Professor Eric Vilain (UCLA) and Dr Vincent Harley (Prince Henry's Research Institute) announce their discovery of at least 15 genetic keys on chromosomes other than the X or Y that influence the process of determining sexual identity. Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association (comprising the majority of the world’s experts in the field of transsexualism) stated in an Amicus Curiae brief provided to the US Supreme Court: "transsexualism is a disorder of sexual differentiation, the process of becoming man or woman as we conventionally understand it. Like other people afflicted with errors in the process of sexual differentiation, intersex conditions, transsexual people need to be medically rehabilitated so that they can live normalized lives as men or women." links—— Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, Inc On 1 June 2004, the Governor of Victoria gave Royal Assent to the Births, Deaths & Marriages Registration (Amendment) Act 2004. This amendment enables Victorian citizens living with transsexualism to correct their Birth Certificate details facilitate legal recognition and be regarded as members of their affirmed sex for all purposes of the laws of Victoria. links—— 'Victoria's Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Bill', May 2004 Re Alex – Hormonal Treatment for Gender Identity Dysphoria 2004 Fam CA 297 (“Re Alex”) sets a precendent by the the Family Court of Australia, exercising its child welfare jurisdiction, requiring young people with transsexualism and their parents/guardians to obtain the approval of the Court before commencement of established nonsurgical and hormonal treatment for the condition pending surgery in adulthood. Before Re Alex this treatment was available upon diagnosis by medical practitioners, with parental consent. links—— Court Permits Hormone Therapy, 14 April 2004 The Gender Recognition Act 2004 enacted in the United Kingdom, is firmly based upon the ‘disorder’ model of transsexualism. It requires applicants to medically evidence the diagnosis of the mental disorder of Gender Dysphoria or Gender Identity Disorder. Applicants are unable to actually effect a comprehensive re-assignment of their legal sex (only their gender) and thereby fails to provide unconditional equal rights in the affirmed sex. links—— Gender Recognition Act 2004 May, 17 2004, the IOC executive board, clears athletes who have undergone sex-affirmation surgery are eligible to participate in the Olympics they have corrected their legal-sex and have gone through a minimum two-year period of postoperative hormone therapy. The decision, which covers both male-to-female and female-to-male cases and goes into effect starting with the Athens Olympics in August 2006. links—— 'Transsexual athletes to compete' Carina Dennis in Nature reports on new evidence which suggests that the brain begins to differentiate in embryonic males and females far earlier than previously thought — before sex hormones come into play and under mechanisms still not yet understood. links—— Dennis, C. (2004). Brain development: the most important sexual organ, Nature, 427, 390-392. David Reimer took his own life at 38 years old. He stepped out of anonymity in 2000 to reveal his story in the book As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised As A Girl. links—— What were the real reasons behind David Reimer's suicide?, David Reimer - Wikipedia, The True Story of John/Joan. 2003 The Spanish Court of Appeals, Social Services Division, in the 2003 matter of Madrid Institute of Health (IMSALUD) v Katia [2003] Appeals Court Case (SSD) No.30. found the health authority liable for the principal costs of hormone treatment and surgery for a woman living with transsexualism in Madrid. There was no evidence of any disorder of sexual differentiation other than the person’s innate sense of their femaleness and overwhelming desire for surgical rehabilitation of their phenotype. links—— Case upheld on Appeal, August 2004 'Madrid rules Transsexualism is an intersex condition' The Full Court of the Family Court upholds the original judgement (2001) in the Kevin & Jennifer case on appeal by Australian Government and affirms the position in Australian law that people with transsexualism should not be treated differently to others with intersexed conditions. links—— Summary of the Re:Kevin Case, The Attorney-General for the Commonwealth & "Kevin and Jennifer" & Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission [2003] FamCA 94 (21 February 2003) Judge Gerard O’Brien, hands down his decision in Re: Michael J Kantaras v Linda Kantaras [2003] Case No. 98-5375CA. 511998DR005375xxxxWS, 6th Circuit, Florida within hours of the Re:Kevin appeal being upheld. Kantaras (represented by a Lesbian Rights Centre) loses on appeal in 2004. The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, the peak group representing specialists in transsexualism worldwide, states:Transsexualism is a disorder of sexual differentiation, the process of becoming man or woman, as we conventionally understand it. Like other people afflicted with errors in the process of sexual differentiation, people with intersex conditions, transsexual people need to be medically rehabilitated so that they can live normalized lives as men or women. links—— Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, Inc, De’Lonta (Stokes) v Angelone & Ors (2003) 330 F.3d 630, 14. 2002 "Definition and Synopsis of the Etiology of Adult Gender Identity Disorder and Transsexualism" being a paper signed, approved and authorised by 17 of the world's most respected medical and scientific experts in the field as published by the Gay and Lesbian Association of Doctors and Dentists (United Kingdom) 2002 funded by Gender Identity Research & Education Society, the Kings Fund & the BCC Trans Group. Chung WCJ, De Vries GJ, Swaab D. publish a study suggesting the sexually dimorphic limbic nucleus, called the central subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTc), appears to become fully sexually differentiated in the human brain by early adulthood. links—— Kruijver FPM, Fernández-Guasti A, Fodor M, Kraan EM and Swaab DF. Sex differentiation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in Humans may extend into adulthood. Journal of Neuroscience 22(3): 1027-1033, 2002. 2001 The Family Court of Australia hears detailed evidence from numerous international and domestic medical experts on the transsexual condition during the ReKevin case. His Honour Chisholm came to the conclusion that the former narrow definition of “sex” established by Corbett v Corbett thirty years earlier requiring congruency of all three of genitals, gonads and chromosomes, was no longer valid. Attorney-General appeals the judgement. links—— Re Kevin (validity of marriage of transsexual) [2001] FamCA 1074 Swaab DF, Chung WCJ, Kruijver FPM, et al. Structural and functional differences in the human hypothalamus. Hormones and Behavior 40:3-8, 2001. As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl published by John Colapinto. links—— Book at Amazon.com 2000 Kruijver et al publish a study indicating the sexually dimorphic nuclei in the hypothalamic area of the brain nucleus has a sex-reversed structure in transsexualism. The sexually dimorphic limbic nucleus, called the central subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTc), appears to become fully sexually differentiated in the human brain by early adulthood. links—— Kruijver FPM, Fernández-Guasti A, Fodor M, Kraan EM and Swaab DF. Sex Differences in Androgen Receptors of the Human Mamillary Bodies Are Related to Endocrine Status Rather Than to Sexual Orientation or Transsexuality. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86(2): 68-70, 2000. Lord Reed delivers a paper title Splitting the Difference: Transsexuals and European Human Rights Law at the International Bar Association Conference saying "If a society accepts that transsexualism is a serious and distressing medical problem, and allows those who suffer from it to undergo drastic treatment in order to adopt a new gender and thereby improve their qualify of life, then reason and common humanity alike suggest that it should allow such persons to function as fully as possible in their new gender." The International Olympic Committee (IOC) drops 'gender-testing' for athletes. 1997 Canadian Human Rights tribunal orders the provincial government to pay over $30,000 (canadian dollars) for medical services to Louis Waters after finding it discriminated against him by refusing to pay the cost of completing his gender-reassignment surgery. links—— Court Orders Surgery Costs, April 2003 Milton Diamond & H. Keith Sigmundson, publish the paper, Sex Reassignment at Birth: Long Term Review and Clinical Implications in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, documenting staggering failure of the John/Joan case. John Money was publicly revealed to have falsified evidence and suppressed counter-evidence in the case that was the cornerstone of his entire theory of gender identity from the 1950s that has held sway for most of the 20th century. links—— The True Story of John/Joan. 1996 Transsexualism : The Current Medical Viewpoint produced for the United Kingdom Parliamentary Forum on Transsexualism, (Chair, Lynne Jones, MP, second edition), 18th January 1996 by Dr. R Reid, Hillingdon Hospital (Medical Sub-Group Convenor), Dr. Domenico di Ceglie, Tavistock Clinic, Mr. James Dalrymple, London Bridge Hospital, Professor Louis Gooren, University of Amsterdam, Professor Richard Green, Charing Cross Hospital and Professor John Money, Johns Hopkins Hospital, USA. links—— http://www.pfc.uk/medical/mediview.htm. 1995 Zhou et al., publish their research regarding sexual dimorphism and its relationship to transsexualism in the prestigious science journal Nature. links—— Zhou J-N, Hofman MA, Gooren LJG, Swaab DF. A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality. Nature 378: 68-70, 1995. 1993 Brandon Teena, a transgendered young man, is killed in Falls City, Nebraska. On Christmas Day, two acquaintances - John Lotter and Marvin Thomas Nissen - discovered that Brandon had been born female and raped him. Brandon reported the rape to the local sheriff, Charles B. Laux, who dismissed the allegations. When Lotter and Nissen discovered that Brandon had gone to the police they murdered him, the woman with whom he was staying, and another friend on December 31, 1993. links—— Brandon Teena - Wikipedia Allen, Hines, Shryne and Gorski publish a study suggesting two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain. Professor Louis Gooren presents the Closing Speech at the Council of Europe’s 23rd Colloquy on European Law Transsexualism, Medicine and the Law April 14-16, 1993 and discusses some of the ways in which the sexual differentiation process in a foetus may not proceed according to expectations. links—— Speech - Transsexualism, Medicine and the Law 1992 Reed Erickson dies at the age of 74 in Mexico as a fugitive from US drug indictments. links—— Reed Erickson and The Erickson Educational Foundation 1990 Allen & Gorski's 1990 study Sex difference in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the human brain describes several sexually dimorphic nuclei to have been found in the hypothalamic area of the brain. Swaab et al. (2001) repeat and build on this study. links—— Allen LS, Gorski RA., Sex difference in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the human brain. Journal of comparative neurology 302(4): 697-706, 1990. 1989 Billy Tipton, a jazz pianist and saxophonist in the US, outed by the coronor as being born female. Married five times, he adopted three boys and became a scoutmaster. None of his adopted sons, ex-wives, associates or band members have admitted to previously knowing the gender assigned to him at birth. In 1989 he suffered from hemorrhaging ulcers and refused to call a doctor dying as a result. A book about his life has been written by Lou Sullivan, founder of FTM International links—— Billy Tipton - Wikipedia Allen, Hines, Shryne and Gorski publish a study suggesting two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain. links—— Allen LS, Hines H., Shryne JE., and Gorski RA., Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain. Journal of neuroscience 9(2): 497-506, 1989. 1988 Sexual Reassignment Act 1988 (South Australia) came into force. From the outset, the operation of this Act was limited to a fixed number of 30 reassignment cases, which were all carried out at the Flinders Medical Centre in Adelaide. links—— SEXUAL REASSIGNMENT ACT 1988 1985 Kruijver, Zhou, Pool, Hofman, Gooren and Swaab publish a study supporting the paradigm that in transsexuals sexual differentiation of the brain and genitals may go into opposite directions and point to a neurobiological basis of gender identity disorder. links—— Kruijver FPM, Zhou J-N, Pool CW, Hofman MA, Gooren LJG and Swaab DF., Male-to-Female Transsexuals Have Female Neuron Numbers in a Limbic Nucleus. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 85(5). 2034-2041, 1985. 1983 Female-to-Male Transsexualism: Historical, Clinical and Theoretical Issues by L.M. Lothstein. links—— Amazon Link Reed Erickson revived the Erickson Educational Foundation (EEF) for approximately one year. One of the projects to receive funding and material support was the creation of a newsletter for HBIGDA. The newsletter lasted one year, the duration of EEF's funding. It was created using facilities in the basement of Erickson's home in Ojai, California and its physical format duplicated almost exactly that of the EEF's own newsletters. links—— Reed Erickson and The Erickson Educational Foundation 1979 The 6th International Symposium on Gender Identity was held in San Diego, California in February, 1979. The formation of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association was formally approved at that meeting. links—— Reed Erickson and The Erickson Educational Foundation, Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association 1977 The 5th International Symposium on Gender Identity was held in Norfolk, Virginia, February 10-13, 1977. Hosted by the Eastern Virginia Medical School and the Eastern Virginia Inter-Hospital Medical Education Committee, a last minute addition at the front of the program announced the demise of the Erickson Educational Foundation (EEF). In direct response to the chasm left in the field of transsexualism, HBIGDA and the Standards of Care were conceived. By the end of this Symposium, the founding committee of HBIGDA had been chosen and Paul Walker was charged with drawing up articles of incorporation for the new organisation. links—— Reed Erickson and The Erickson Educational Foundation 1975 The 4th International Symposium on Gender Identity sponsored by the Division of Reconstructive and Rehabilitation Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California. It took place at the Faber Auditorium of the Children's Hospital at Stanford in Palo Alto, California on February 28 to March 2, 1975. It was the first conference to use the name Harry Benjamin. It was called The Harry Benjamin 4th International Conference on Gender Identity in honour of Harry Benjamin's 90th birthday. The name of Harry Benjamin had not yet been adopted in any formal sense. links—— Reed Erickson and The Erickson Educational Foundation 1973 The 3rd International Symposium on Gender Identity sponsored by the EEF, was held in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, Sept 8-10, 1973. It continued the process of bringing together researchers from numerous countries to discuss their common interests in transsexualism and gender dysphoria. It was the last of the conferences convened by the EEF. links—— Reed Erickson and The Erickson Educational Foundation 1972 Man, Woman, Boy, Girl authored by John Money & Anke Ehrhardt, published by John Hopkins Press and partially funded by the Erickson Educational Foundation (EEF). links—— Reed Erickson and The Erickson Educational Foundation 1971 The 2nd International Symposium on Gender Identity sponsored by the EEF was held in Denmark, September 12-14, 1971. Participants included Anke Ehrhardt, Donald Laub, P. Fogh-Anderson, Marie Mehl, C.J. Dewhurst and Richard Green. links—— Reed Erickson and The Erickson Educational Foundation 1970 Corbett v Corbett - a transsexual case which came before the Probate Division of the English High Court in 1969 out of a petition by Arthur Corbett, alleging that his marriage to the respondent, April Ashley was void because the respondent was of the male sex. The outcome of this case reinforced the law should adopt three 'tests', ie the chromosomal, gonadal and genital criteria to determine the sex for the purpose of marriage accordingly. When this case was dealt with, transsexualism was virtually unknown to English law and treatment would have been thought impossible. Therefore, Justice Ormrod dealt with it according to the understanding of his day. Since then, the complexity of medical knowledge has increased enormously. links—— Corbett vs Corbett - Wikipedia 1969 The 1st International Symposium on Gender Identity took place in London, July 25-27, 1969 and was co-sponsored by the EEF and the Albany Trust of London. Reed Erickson and the EEF contributed directly to the formation of HBIGDA by sponsoring the 1st, 2nd (1971), and 3rd (1973) International Symposia on Gender Identity. These three symposia constituted the first three in the biannual series which later became known as The HBIGDA Symposia. links—— Reed Erickson and The Erickson Educational Foundation Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment authored by John Money & Richard Green, published by John Hopkins Press and partially funded by the Erickson Educational Foundation (EEF). links—— Reed Erickson and The Erickson Educational Foundation, Richard Green Presidential Address 1967 Christine Jorgensen's experience is published in Emergence: A Transsexual Autobiography. 1966 Dr Harry Benjamin's The Transsexual Phenomenon, is published. In it Benjamin defines transsexualism by the individual’s belief they are a member of the sex opposite their phenotype and a concurrent overwhelming need for surgical reassignment. Benjamin is an outspoken supporter of the view that transsexualism is a form of intersex condition - the brain being a physical organ that has developed opposite to the rest of the physical phenotype of the body. links—— Dr Harry Benjamin - Wikipedia, The Transsexual Phenomenon - Online Book 1964 Erickson launched the Erickson Educational Foundation (EEF), a philanthropic organization funded entirely by Erickson himself. Under the auspices of the EEF, Erickson made tremendous contributions to the understanding of transsexualism. The EEF funded many early research efforts, including the creation of the Harry Benjamin Foundation, the early work of the Johns Hopkins Clinic and numerous other important research projects. The EEF sponsored educational films, radio and television appearances, and newspaper articles bringing transsexualism to the attention of the public. In addition, the EEF also sponsored numerous publishing endeavours in the field of transsexualism including an informative quarterly newsletter, an invaluable set of educational pamphlets, and two major early reference works on the topic, Money & Green's (1969) Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment and Money & Ehrhardt's (1972) Man, Woman, Boy, Girl. Furthermore, the EEF was instrumental in organizing several of the earliest international conferences on transsexualism and in bringing discussions about transsexualism to conferences of broader interest. links—— Reed Erickson and The Erickson Educational Foundation 1962 Reed Erickson became a patient of Dr. Harry Benjamin and began the process of masculinising. Over the next 30 years, Erickson married again twice and became the father to two children. He lived a very colourful and successful life, eventually amassing a personal fortune estimated at over US$40 million. links—— Reed Erickson and The Erickson Educational Foundation 1957 Sir Harold Gillies and Dr J Millard, eminent British plastic surgeons, write in The Principles and Art of Plastic Surgery that "the definition of hermaphroditism should not be confined to those rare individuals with proved testes and ovaries but extended to include all those with indefinite sex attitudes ... " 1955 The term "gender role" first appears in print. Helene Stourzh-Anderle, a Viennese physician, favoured a biological approach and regarded transsexualism as "anchored in an inborn constitution" and therefore "an intersexual manifestation that could be combined with infantile (subsexual) features": Sexuelle Konstitution (1955) 1954 Vincent Jones (Violet Ellen Jones) and his bride Joan Lee were married in England in 1954. Harry Benjamin publishes "Transvestism and transsexualism as psycho-somatic and somato-psychic syndromes" (1954) American Journal of Psychotherapy, 8(2). links—— Sex Reassignment, Harry Benjamin, and some European Roots 1953 Dr Harry Benjamin (1885-1986) advocates a biological explanation for the transsexual syndrome, believing that the genetic and endocrine systems must provide a "fertile soil" for environmental influences. He states "if the soma is healthy and normal no severe case of transsexualism ... is likely to develop in spite of all provocations". Dr Benjamin clearly distinguishes between transvestism (psycho-somatic) and transsexualism (somato-psychic) in his writings and becomes more and more intrigued by the experiences of people affected by transsexualism. Harry Benjamin publishes, "Transvestism and transsexualism" (1953) 5(2) Journal of Sex Research 13. links—— Dr Harry Benjamin - Wikipedia, Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, Inc, Sex Reassignment, Harry Benjamin, and some European Roots 1952 Christine Jorgensen undergoes GRS and returns to a US media frenzy. links—— Christine Jorgensen - Wikipedia A remarkable case of the late Dr Ewan Forbes-Semphill, himself a doctor of medicine, obtained new birth-certification documents from the English courts, but was also subsequently, in 1968, found to be the legitimate male heir to a major Scottish baronetcy with significant land-holdings. Amazingly, no records of the court proceedings granting Forbes-Semphill a legal-male identity appear to exist. links—— Article by Dr Zoe Jayne-Playdon 1949 David Cauldwell, an American psychologist, publishes his view that transsexualism is a disorder of the mind, rather than the body, a delusion and a sexual deviance. He publishes "Psychopathia transexualis" in the journal Sexology the case of a girl who wanted to be a man and called the condition "Psychopathia transsexualis". His theory gained wide acceptance and set in place the double stigma of delusion and sexual deviance. links—— Sex Reassignment, Harry Benjamin, and some European Roots 1942 Michael Laurence Dillon (1915-1962), undergoes double mastectomy for transsexualism after oral testosterone hormone treatment. He enters medical school in Trinity College Dublin (TCD) in 1945 and during vacations he has operations at the hospital of the plastic surgeon Sir Harold Gillis. He won his rowing blue, graduated in 1951, and becomes a ship's doctor, serving on voyages to Asia, Australia, and America. Burke's Peerage failed to change their entry which would acknowledge his claim to the baronetcy as the next male in line after his childless brother. The discrepancy with Debrett's was discovered in 1958 by the Sunday Express UK, which investigated further and publicised Michael's change of sex. Devastated at this revelation Michael leaves the UK for Calcutta, and takes refuge in a Buddhist monastery at Sarnath, Bengal. He was ordained a monk of the Tibetan order, taking the name Lobzang Jivaha, and spends the rest of his life studying Buddhism and writing. 1936 Jack Bee Garland (1869-1936), lived male for over 50 years. He carried out volunteer social work with homeless men in San Francisco. He was the 'daughter' of San Francisco's first Mexican consul. Garland lived too soon for either sex reassignment surgery or hormone therapy; nonetheless, he not only wore male attire throughout his adult life, he also lived that life as a man, consorted with men, preferred the company of men to the company of women, and all in all comported himself as a male of his times. links—— The Life of Jack Bee Garland Officials at Montrose High School in Colorado, USA disclosed that Joe Coberly, president of the boys' Sunday School class was actually Helen Coberly, aged 16. Dr Eugene C. Perkins, 67, died in La Jolla, California six months after the death of his wife of 28 years. His medical practice in La Jolla had lasted for 12 years. On the death certificate, Perkins' sex, first marked 'male", was crossed out after examination of the body and "female" written in. 1935 Testosterone is first isolated from a bull in 1935. Karoly G. David, Ernst Laqueur, and colleagues isolated crystalline testosterone from testicles and published the results. Within a few months, groups led by Johann Butenandt and G. Hanisch (funded by Schering Corp. in Berlin), and Leopold Ruzicka and A. Wettstein of Ciba, independently of each other, developed synthetic methods of preparing testosterone. The production of synthetic testosterone from the success of Butenandt and Ruzicka earnt them the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. links—— The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939, The Pharmaceutical Century - 1920-1930 1933 Institute for Sexual Science, Berlin is closed by the Nazis. The Institute was vandalized, looted and shut down on 6 May 1933, its staff driven into exile and parts of the extensive library symbolically burnt on Berlin's Opernplatz. links—— Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft, The destruction of the Hirschfeld Sexual Science Institute, Sex Reassignment, Harry Benjamin, and some European Roots 1930 Lilli Elbe (1886-1931) undergoes SRS in Germany, later dying of heart problems after removal of unsuccessfully transplanted ovaries. She post-humorously publishes her sensational and widely distributed autobiography in 1932. Ernst Ludwig Hathorn Jacobson, under the pseudonym Niels Hoyer, compiled a book, Man Into Woman (1933), based on the painter's life, using her letters and diary entries. The work is important as one of the earliest popular works to make a distinction between homosexuality and transsexuality. Elbe is also the subject of the award-winning novel The Danish Girl by David Ebershoff, which was published in early 2000. links—— Elbe, Lili (1886-1931), Lili Elbe, Sex Reassignment, Harry Benjamin, and some European Roots 1929 Colonel Sir Victor Barker served as an officer in the British Army and married a woman. He was arrested in London on bankruptcy charges and for entering a false statement in the marriage register; he was sentenced to nine months jail. Several years earlier, the same court had acquitted Colonel Barker of carrying a revolver without a license. He lived male until his death in 1960. Joseph Lobdell (1929-1991) wore men's clothes and worked as a trapper and hunter. He lived 3 years as husband to a young woman dying in an insane asylum in New York. Peter Stratford died in California of tuberculosis in 1929. His belongings revealed him to be 'Derestey Morton', a immigrant from New Zealand in 1904. He married Beth Rowland in 1925. No one claimed his body. 1928 Known to friends as John, Marguerite Radclyffe Hall (1880-1943) always dressed as a man and felt trapped in her female body. Hall published The Well of Loneliness, a semi-autobiographical novel in 1928, which was banned in England until 1949. links—— Radclyffe Hall - Wikipedia 1923 Dr Magnus Hirschfeld coins the term transsexualism for the first time in a paper titled, Die intersexuelle Konstitution. He reclassifies the condition affecting the sub-group of individuals who believed they actually were members of the sex opposite that represented by their phenotypes as "transsexualism". Ever since the reclassification of the transsexual condition from transvestism (cross-dressing), there has been some tension as to its aetiology. Based on his conviction that only a biological causation could explain this phenomenon, Hirschfeld places transsexualism in the newly defined intersex nosology describing relevant individuals as "neurological gynandromorphs" in order to distinguish them from hermaphrodites". links—— Magnus Hirschfeld - Wikipedia, Sex Reassignment, Harry Benjamin, and some European Roots First estrogen bioassay is developed. The test detects estrogenic activity in biological extracts and determines relative potencies of compounds and mixed natural materials. links—— Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft 1922 <